Aspectos oromiofuncionais e fatores associados à autopercepção sobre a qualidade do sono em indivíduos com queixa de ronco / Oromyofunctional aspects and factors associated with self-perception of sleep quality in individuals with snoring complaints / Aspectos oromiofuncionales y factores asociados a la autopercepción de la calidad del sueño en individuos con quejas de ronquidos

Introdução: O sono é uma função vital e essencial para a sobrevivência humana e tem por objetivo favorecer o reparo corporal e mental. Objetivo: Investigar os fatores associados à autopercepção sobre a qualidade do sono, bem como possíveis alterações das estruturas orofaciais e funções estomatognáticas em indivíduos com queixa de ronco. Material e Método: Trata-se de estudo observacional, analítico e transversal, realizado com 30 indivíduos adultos com queixa de ronco durante o sono, com idade média de 45 anos e 5 meses. Para a avaliação de motricidade oromiofuncional foi utilizado o protocolo AMIOFE. Foram aplicados questionários para investigação do ronco e qualidade de sono dos participantes: Questionário de Berlin, Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e Questionário de qualidade de sono de Pittsburgh. Resultados: Os resultados do questionário de Pittsburgh indicaram disfunção na qualidade do sono em 66,67% dos participantes. A sonolência diurna foi evidenciada em 33,33%, por meio da Escala de Epworth. 60% dos participantes apresentaram alto risco para AOS, por meio dos escores obtidos no instrumento de Berlin. Indivíduos que não praticam exercício físico e com posição habitual de língua no assoalho bucal apresentaram maiores escores no questionário de Berlin. Houve correlação positiva estatisticamente significante e moderada entre as variáveis Índice de massa corporal (IMC) e os escores do Questionário de Berlin. Conclusão: Indivíduos com queixa de ronco apresentam dificuldades relacionadas à qualidade do sono. A autopercepção negativa de qualidade do sono teve relação com dados de motricidade orofacial, hábitos alimentares, composição corporal e hábitos de estilo de vida. (AU)

Introduction: Sleep is a vital and essential function for human survival and aims to promote bodily and mental repair. Objective: To investigate factors associated with self-perception of sleep quality, as well as possible alterations in orofacial structures and stomatognathic functions in individuals with snoring complaints. Material and Method: Observational, analytical and cross-sectional study, conducted with 30 adult individuals complaining of snoring during sleep, with a mean age of 45 years and 5 months. For the evaluation of orofacial myofunctional motricity, the (AMIOFE) was used. Questionnaires were applied to investigate the snoring and sleep quality of the participants: Berlin Questionnaire, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index Questionnaire. Results: The Pittsburgh questionnaire results indicated sleep quality dysfunction in 66.67% of participants. Daytime sleepiness was evidenced in 33.33%, using the Epworth Scale. 60% of the participants presented high risk for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA), through the scores obtained in the Berlin questionnaire. Individuals who do not practice physical exercise and with usual tongue position on the oral floor presented higher scores in the Berlin questionnaire. There was a statistically significant and moderate positive correlation between the variables Body Mass Index (BMI) and the Berlin questionnaire scores. Conclusion: Individuals complaining of snoring self-reported difficulties related to sleep quality. The sleep quality difficulties self-reported were related to data on orofacial motricity, eating habits, body composition and lifestyle habits. (AU)

Introducción: El sueño es uma función vital y essencial para la supervivência human, tien como objetivo promover la reparación corporal y mental. Objetivo: Investigar los factores asociados con la autopercepción de la calidad del sueño, así como posibles alteraciones en las estructuras orofaciales y funciones estomatognáticas en individuos con quejas de ronquidos. Metodo: Se trata de estudio observacional, analítico, transversal, realizado con 30 individuos adultos con queja de ronquidos durante el sueño y edad media de 45 años y 5 meses. Para la evaluación de la motricidad oromiofuncional se utilizó el protocolo (AMIOFE/OMES). Se aplicaron cuestionarios para investigar el ronquido y la calidad de sueño de los participantes: Cuestionario de Berlín; Escala de Somnolencia de Epworth; Cuestionario de Calidad del Sueño de Pittsburgh. Resultados: Los resultados del cuestionario de Pittsburgh indicaron disfunción en la calidad del sueño en 66,67%. La Escala de Epworth evidenció somnolencia diurna en 33,33%. El 60% presentaron alto riesgo de AOS, conforme las puntuaciones obtenidas en el instrumento de Berlín. Los que no practican ejercicio físico y que tienen la posición habitual de la lengua en el piso de la boca obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas en el cuestionario de Berlín. Hubo correlación positiva estadísticamente significativa y moderada entre las variables del IMC y las puntuaciones del Cuestionario de Berlín. Conclusión: Individuos con quejas de ronquidos refieren dificultades relacionadas con la calidad del sueño. Las dificultades estuvieron relacionadas con datos de motricidad orofacial, hábitos alimentarios, composición corporal y los hábitos de estilo de vida. (AU)

Clinical characteristics of 111 cases with mucopolysaccharidosis ⅣA / 中华儿科杂志

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis ⅣA (MPS ⅣA). Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 111 patients with MPS ⅣA in Xinhua Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medcine from December 2008 to August 2020, confirmed by enzyme activity and genetic testing. General situation, clinical manifestations and enzyme activity test results were analyzed. According to the clinical manifestations, it can be divided into severe, intermediate and mild group. The independent sample t test was used to compare the birth body length and weight of children with that of normal boys and girls, and group comparisons of enzyme activities were evaluated by median test. Results: One hundred and eleven unrelated patients, 69 males and 42 females, were classified into 3 subtypes: severe (n=85), intermediate (n=14), and mild (n=12). The age at symptom onset were 1.6 (1.0, 3.0) years, and at diagnosis were 4.3 (2.8, 7.8) years. Skeletal manifestations were observed in all patients and consisted mainly of pectus carinatum (96/111, 86.5%), motor dysfunction (78/111, 70.3%), spinal deformity (71/111, 64.0%), growth retardation (64/111, 57.7%), joint laxity (63/111, 56.8%) and genu valgum (62/111, 55.9%). Eighty-eight patients (88/111, 79.3%) with MPS ⅣA were also along with non-skeletal manifestations, mainly including snoring (38/111, 34.2%), coarse faces (34/111, 30.6%), and visual impairment (26/111, 23.4%). The most common skeletal manifestation was pectus carinatum (79 cases), and non-skeletal manifestation was snoring (30 cases) and coarse faces (30 cases) in severe patients, pectus carinatum (13 cases) and snoring (5 cases) in intermediate type, motor dysfunction (11 cases) and snoring (3 cases) and visual impairment (3 cases) in mild patients. The height and weight of severe patients began to fall below -2 s at 2-<5 years and 5-<7 years, respectively. At the age of 10-<15 years, the standard deviation score of the height of severe patients reached (-6.2±1.6) s in males and (-6.4±1.2) s in females, and the score of weight got (-3.0±1.1) s in males and (-3.5±0.5) s in females. The height of intermediate patients began to fall below -2 s at the age of 7-<10 years, and the standard deviation score of height were -4.6 s and -3.6 s in 2 males, and -4.6 s and -3.8 s in 2 females at the age of 10-<15 years. The weight remained within -2 s in 72.0% (18/25) of intermediate patients compared to age-matched healthy children. In the mild patients with MPS ⅣA, the mean standard deviation score of height and weight was within -2 s. The enzyme activities of mild patients (2.02 (1.05, 8.20) nmol/(17 h·mg)) were both significantly higher than that of intermediate (0.57 (0.47, 0.94) nmol/(17 h·mg)) and severe (0.22 (0, 0.59) nmol/(17 h·mg)) patients (Z=9.91, 13.98, P=0.005, 0.001), and the enzyme activity of intermediate patients was significantly higher than that of severe patients (Z=8.56, P=0.010). Conclusions: The clinical manifestations of MPS ⅣA are charactered by pectus carinatum, motor function impairment, spinal deformity and growth retardation. The clinical characteristics, growth rate and enzyme activity differ among the 3 subtypes of MPS ⅣA.

Estudo do nível de conhecimento e interesse do cirurgião dentista no diagnóstico e tratamento da síndrome da apnéia/hipopnéia obstrutiva do sono (SAHOS) / Study of the level of knowledge and interest of the dental surgeon in the diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS)

Atualmente, o tratamento do ronco primário e da Síndrome da Apnéia/Hipopnéia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAHOS)1 através de aparelhos intra-orais (AIO) tem recebido a atenção dos pesquisadores pela comprovada eficácia destes dispositivos. Os aparelhos mais indicados são os reposicionadores de mandíbula que promovem um avanço mandibular, afastando os tecidos da orofaringe superior, o que evita a obstrução parcial ou total da área. Sua indicação é para casos de ronco primário e apnéias leves e moderadas2, no entanto é necessário que os candidatos apresentem número de dentes suficientes com saúde periodontal para a ancoragem do aparelho. Por ser uma doença de consequências sistêmicas graves, o tratamento da SAHOS é em sua essência de responsabilidade do médico especialista na área, porém o cirurgião dentista deve ter conhecimento para diagnosticar e tratar, quando o AIO for a opção terapêutica. A interpretação da polissonografia, exame que diagnostica e conduz para a escolha correta do tratamento, e dos dados cefalométricos são os principais quesitos ao Cirurgião Dentista que se propõe a tratar portadores da SAHOS. Nesse trabalho foi elaborado um questionário e aplicado aos cirurgiões dentistas de três diferentes cidades do Estado de São Paulo para que fosse possível avaliar o conhecimento desses profissionais a respeito do diagnóstico e tratamento da SAHOS. 70 Cirurgiões Dentistas foram entrevistados e os resultados mostraram que 70% destes têm interesse em trabalhar com os AIOs. Esse grupo se relacionou estatisticamente significante com aqueles que afirmaram já terem sido alguma vez questionado por algum paciente a respeito desse tratamento. Quanto à criação de uma especialidade para essa área, os profissionais da área de prótese e implante se mostraram mais interessados. E, do número total de entrevistados, apenas 25% já tiveram contato com esse tipo de aparelho, mas não conhece o protocolo de atendimento para o tratamento desses pacientes(AU)

Currently, the treatment of primary snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome (OSAHS)1 through intraoral appliances (OA) has received the attention of researchers due to the proven effectiveness of these devices. The most suitable devices are jaw repositioning devices that promote mandibular advancement, moving the tissues away from the upper oropharynx, which prevents partial or total obstruction of the area. Its indication is for cases of primary snoring and mild to moderate apnea2, however it is necessary that candidates have a sufficient number of teeth with periodontal health to anchor the appliance. As it is a disease with serious systemic consequences, the treatment of OSAHS is, in essence, the responsibility of the specialist in the area, but the dental surgeon must have the knowledge to diagnose and treat, when OA is the therapeutic option. The interpretation of polysomnography, na exam that diagnoses and leads to the correct choice of treatment, and cephalometric data are the main requirements for the Dental Surgeon who proposes to treat patients with OSAHS. In this work, a questionnaire was developed and applied to dentalsurgeons from three different cities in the State of São Paulo so that it was possible to assess the knowledge of these professionals regarding the diagnosis and treatment of OSAHS. 70 Dental Surgeons were interviewed and the results showed that 70% of them are interested in working with AIOs. This group had a statistically significant relationshipwith those who stated that they had already been asked by a patient about this treatment. Regarding the creation of a specialty for this area, professional in the area of ??prosthesis and implant were more interested. And, of the total number of respondents, only 25% have already had contact with this type of device, but do not know the care protocol for the treatment of these patients(AU)

A higiene do sono como início do tratamento do ronco primário e síndrome da apneia e hipopneia do sono / Sleep hygiene as a starting point for the treatment of primary snoring and sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome

O valor inestimável ao sono, devido a estudos que comprovaram sua importância à saúde e à qualidade de vida. Tais conhecimentos levaram a identificação de doenças específicas, dentre elas a Síndrome de Apnéia e Hipopnéia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAHOS). Esta doença incide na obstrução das vias aéreas superiores durante o sono, acarretando paradas na respiração e consequências sistêmicas. Estudos atuais e características que interferem na qualidade de vida dos sujeitos, tal como produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho é o profissional saber que com atitudes cotidianas podemos anemizar o quadro necessitando dessa forma de um tratamento mais brando e de melhor acesso a todos(AU)

The priceless value of sleep, due to studies that have proven its importance to health and quality of life. Such knowledge led to the identification of specific diseases, among them the Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Hypopnea Syndrome (OSAHS). This disease focuses on obstruction of the upper airways during sleep, causing breathing stops and systemic consequences. Current studies and characteristics that inter the quality of life of subjects, such as productivity. The objective of this work is for the professional to know that with everyday attitudes we can anemize the condition, thus needing a milder treatment and better access to all(AU)

Os sinais e sintomas que o cirurgião dentista deve conhecer para ajudar na identificação de um paciente que precisa de tratamento de Síndrome da Apneia e Hipopneia do Sono / The signs and symptoms that the dentist should know to help in identifying a patient who needs treatment for Sleep Apnea and Hypopnea Syndrome

Ter um sono de qualidade é imprescindível para a saúde. Cada pessoa sabe a quantidade que a repara melhor. Dessa forma, sono em fora de hora de sesta pode ser problemas em potencial. Um paciente que adormeci em um tratamento dentário pode estar com um déficit de sono que o adormecer durante um tratamento dentário é uma situação inusitada que, pode ser um paciente que precisa de uma a polissonografia e um possível tratamento para o possível presente ronco primário e Síndrome da Apneia e Hipopneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SHAOS). O Cirurgião Dentista deve conhecer os sinais e sintomas mais comuns dos pacientes com problemas de sono para poder indicá-los corretamente a um médico especialista em sono. Dessa forma já se tem como certo que esse é um problema médico, no entanto o Cirurgião Dentista é um profissional importante nas modalidades de tratamento que temos para a síndrome. O simples ato da indicação e acompanhamento do tratamento faz o Cirurgião Dentista, importante nessa cadeia de tratamento(AU)

Getting quality sleep is essential for health. Each person knows the amount that repairs them best. So sleep outside of nap time can be potential problems. A patient who fell asleep in a dental treatment may have a sleep deficit that falling asleep during a dental treatment is an unusual situation that, may be a patient who needs a polysomnography and a possible treatment for the possible present primary snoring and syndrome. Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Hypopnea (SHAOS). The Dental Surgeon must know the most common signs and symptoms of patients with sleep problems in order to correctly refer them to a sleep specialist. Thus, it is already taken for granted that this is a medical problem, however the Dental Surgeon is an important professional in the treatment modalities we have for the syndrome. The simple act of indicating and monitoring the treatment makes the Dental Surgeon important in this treatment chain(AU)

El paciente roncador: evaluación y alternativas terapéuticas / The snoring patient: evaluation and therapeutic alternatives

El ronquido es un problema altamente prevalente, que afecta a millones de personas a nivel mundial. Impacta negativamente en la calidad de vida al afectar la relación de pareja y la calidad de sueño, además de constituir un factor de riesgo cardiovascular. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar y discutir los aspectos más relevantes de esta condición, desde su etiopatogenia hasta las diferentes alternativas terapéuticas disponibles. En la evaluación del paciente roncador se debe realizar un minucioso examen de nariz, boca, faringe, cuello y esqueleto facial, además de estimar el riesgo de que exista una apnea obstructiva del sueño asociada. Son de utilidad una serie de cuestionarios que permiten asignar puntaje a la sintomatología del paciente y evaluar su impacto en la vida diaria. En general, el estudio deberá incluir exámenes radiológicos, endoscopías de la vía aérea superior (con el paciente despierto y bajo sueño inducido por medicamentos) y estudios del sueño, que se pueden realizar tanto en forma ambulatoria como hospitalizado. Existe una amplia gama de tratamientos disponibles para el ronquido, los que han demostrado una alta efectividad en diferentes subgrupos de pacientes: bajar de peso, dejar de fumar, medicamentos antialérgicos, terapia postural, ejercicios faríngeos, dispositivos de avance mandibular y procedimientos quirúrgicos que van desde intervenciones mínimamente invasivas hasta procedimientos avanzados como cirugía robótica, avances máxilo-mandibulares y la estimulación del nervio hipogloso. Es clave para manejar exitosamente el ronquido el realizar una evaluación detallada del paciente y establecer un plan terapéutico personalizado.

Snoring is a highly prevalent problem, affecting millions of people worldwide. It negatively impacts quality of life by affecting couple relationships and sleep quality, as well as being a cardiovascular risk factor. The aim of this review article is to analyze and discuss the most relevant aspects of this condition, ranging from its etiology and pathogenesis to the different available therapeutic options. When evaluating a snoring patient, a thorough examination of the nose, mouth, pharynx, neck and facial skeleton should be performed, and the risk of having an associated obstructive sleep apnea must be estimated. A series of questionnaires are useful to assign scores to the patient's symptoms and assess their impact on daily life. In general terms, patient evaluation should include radiological examinations, upper airway endoscopies (awake and under drug-induced sleep) and sleep studies, which can be performed both on an outpatient or inpatient basis. There is a wide range of treatments available for snoring, which have shown high effectiveness in different patient subgroups: weight loss, quitting smoking, anti-allergic medications, postural therapy, pharyngeal exercises, mandibular-advancement devices and surgical procedures ranging from minimally invasive interventions to advanced procedures such as robotic surgery, maxillomandibular advancement and hypoglossal nerve stimulation. The cornerstone for a successful snoring management is to perform a detailed patient evaluation and to establish a personalized therapeutic plan.

Prevalencia de trastornos respiratorios del sueño en adolescentes y su relación con la presencia de obesidad e hipertensión arterial / Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing among adolescents and its association with the presence of obesity and hypertension

Introducción: El aumento de prevalencia de trastornos respiratorios del sueño (TRS) y su relación con obesidad e hipertensión arterial (HTA) ha sido poco explorado en adolescentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la prevalencia de TRS y ronquido en esta población y analizar su asociación con obesidad e HTA. Población y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en una muestra de adolescentes. Se realizaron mediciones de peso, talla, perímetro de cintura y cuello, tensión arterial, y el Cuestionario de Sueño Pediátrico (PSQ, por su sigla en inglés). Resultados: Participaron 826 adolescentes, 58 (7 %) presentaron TRS (varones: 5,8 %; mujeres: 8 %) y 80 (9,7 %) se consideraron roncadores (varones: 10,4 %; mujeres: 9,1 %). Se detectaron sobrepeso y obesidad en 216 (26,2 %) y 149 (18 %) sujetos, respectivamente. Una mayor proporción de sujetos con obesidad presentaron TRS con respecto a quienes no tenían obesidad (12,8 % versus 5,8 %; p = 0,004). La misma asociación fue encontrada para el ronquido (18,2 % versus 7,8 %; <0,001). El 24,6 % dormía menos de 8 horas por día. El 12,6 % presentó valores compatibles con HTA, con una asociación significativa con obesidad y horas de sueño. Conclusión: Se observó una prevalencia elevada de TRS y ronquido en adolescentes y una asociación entre obesidad e HTA, que pone de manifiesto la importancia de abordar esta problemática de manera temprana a fin de evitar complicaciones

ntroduction: The increased prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and its association with obesity and hypertension (HTN) have not been thoroughly explored in adolescents. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of SDB and snoring in this population and analyze its association with obesity and HTN. Population and methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study in a sample of adolescents. Weight, height, waist and neck circumference, and blood pressure were measured, and the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) was administered. Results: A total of 826 adolescents participated, 58 (7 %) had SDB (males: 5.8 %; females: 8 %), and 80 (9.7 %) were considered snorers (males: 10.4 %; females: 9.1 %). Overweight and obesity were detected in 216 (26.2 %) and 149 (18 %) participants, respectively. A higher proportion of subjects with obesity had SDB compared to those who were not obese (12.8 % versus 5.8 %; p = 0.004). The same association was observed with snoring (18.2 % versus 7.8 %; p < 0.001). Also, 24.6 % slept less than 8 hours a day and 12.6 % had values compatible with HTN, with a significant association with obesity and sleep hours. Conclusion: A high prevalence of SDB and snoring was observed in adolescents, together with an association with obesity and HTN, which highlights the relevance of addressing this problem in an early manner in order to prevent complications

Dysphagia in patients with moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnea / Disfagia em pacientes com apneia obstrutiva do sono moderada e grave

Abstract Introduction There is evidence that trauma caused by snoring in the pharynx could result in dysphagia in patients with obstructive sleep apnea, but the literature is still scarce to define the factors associated with the presence of dysphagia in these patients. Objectives To analyze the occurrence of dysphagia and its clinical and polysomnographic features in patients with moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnea, in addition to verifying the impact of dysphagia on the quality of life of these patients. Methods Seventy patients with moderate or severe apnea (apnea and hypopnea index - AHI > 15/hour) were selected. The patients underwent a sleep questionnaire, a quality of life in dysphagia questionnaire and a fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. Results A total of 70 patients were included in the study, of which 49 were men (70 %), with a mean age of 48.9 years. The fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing was altered in 27.3 % and the most frequent alteration was the premature oral leakage with fluid. Comparing the groups with and without dysphagia, the female gender was the only clinical parameter that showed a trend of statistical significance in the group with dysphagia (p = 0.069). There was no statistical difference regarding the polysomnographic features and in the global quality of life score in dysphagia in the comparison between the groups. Conclusions The presence of dysphagia in patients with moderate to severe apnea is frequent and subclinical, reinforcing the need to investigate this symptom in this group of patients. However, the presence of dysphagia did not result in worsening in patients' quality of life, suggesting that, although frequent, its effect is mild. There was no relevance regarding the association of clinical and polysomnographic parameters with the presence of dysphagia.

Resumo Introdução Existem evidências de que o trauma ocasionado pelo ronco na faringe poderia ocasionar disfagia em pacientes com apneia obstrutiva do sono, mas a literatura ainda é escassa para definir quais seriam os fatores associados à presença da disfagia nesses pacientes. Objetivo Avaliar a ocorrência de disfagia e seu perfil clínico e polissonográfico em pacientes com apneia obstrutiva do sono moderada e grave, além de verificar o impacto da disfagia na qualidade de vida desses pacientes. Método Foram selecionados 70 pacientes com apneia moderada ou grave (índice de apneia e hipopneia - IAH > 15 hora). Os pacientes foram submetidos a questionário de sono, qualidade de vida em disfagia e videoendoscopia da deglutição. Resultados Foram incluídos no estudo 70 pacientes, 49 do sexo masculino (70%), com média de 48,9 anos. A videoendoscopia da deglutição apresentou alteração em 27,3% dos pacientes. A alteração mais encontrada foi o escape oral precoce com líquido. Quando comparados os grupos com e sem disfagia, o sexo feminino foi o único parâmetro clínico que mostrou tendência à significância no grupo com disfagia (p = 0,069). Não houve diferença estatística quanto aos achados polissonográficos e quanto ao escore global da qualidade de vida em disfagia na comparação entre os grupos. Conclusão A presença de disfagia em pacientes com apneia moderada a grave é frequente e subclínica, reforça a necessidade de investigação desse sintoma nesse grupo de pacientes. Porém, a presença de disfagia não mostrou pioria na qualidade de vida dos pacientes, sugeriu que, apesar de frequente, sua repercussão é leve. Não houve relevância na associação dos parâmetros clínicos, polissonográficos com a presença de disfagia.

Avaliação da qualidade de vida relacionada a saúde bucal de crianças e suas famílias e fatores associados / Evaluation of quality of life related to the health of children and their families and associated factors

Introdução O desenvolvimento do complexo craniofacial resulta da interação de fatores genéticos e ambientais. Dentre as ocorrências que podem afetar esse desenvolvimento, estão as odontológicas. A cárie dentária e a má oclusão são de etiologia multifatorial e atingem grande parte da população, podendo impactar a qualidade de vida. Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto de fatores clínicos, funcionais e sociais na qualidade de vida relacionada a saúde bucal de crianças e suas famílias. Material e método A amostra consistiu de 753 crianças matriculadas nas escolas públicas da cidade de Araraquara-SP. Foram realizados exames bucais para avaliar a ocorrência cárie dentária (ceo-d e CPO-D) e a má oclusão (Foster, Hamilton) e aplicado um questionário socioeconômico aos pais, além do questionário para avaliação da qualidade de vida relacionada a saúde bucal (ECOHIS). Os dados foram avaliados por meio de análise bivariada e, em seguida, pelo modelo de regressão logística múltipla, considerando o nível de significância de 5%. Resultado A condição social, além das variáveis clínicas de cárie dentaria e trauma dental, apresentou associação com o impacto negativo na qualidade de vida relacionada a saúde bucal nas três sessões do questionário: criança, pais e geral, respectivamente. Conclusão A experiência da cárie dentária, o nível socioeconômico e o trauma dental foram variáveis preditoras para o impacto negativo na qualidade de vida relacionada a saúde bucal de crianças e suas famílias. Os hábitos estão mais relacionados ao índice ceo-d e ao nível socioeconômico do que com a má oclusão.

Introduction The development of the craniofacial complex results from the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Dental caries and malocclusion have a multifactorial etiology and affect a large part of the population, which may impact the quality of life. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of clinical, functional and social factors on oral health-related quality of life of children and their families. Material and method The sample consisted of 753 children enrolled in public schools in the city of Araraquara-SP. Oral examinations were performed to assess dental caries (dmft and DMFT) and malocclusion (Foster, Hamilton) and a socioeconomic questionnaire was administered to the parents, in addition to the quality assessment questionnaire. health-related life expectancy (ECOHIS). Data were evaluated by bivariate analysis and then by multiple logistic regression model, considering the significance level of 5%. Result Social condition, besides the clinical variables dental caries and dental trauma were associated with the negative impact on oral health-related quality of life in the three questionnaire sessions, child, parent and general respectively. Conclusion The experience of dental caries, socioeconomic status and dental trauma were predictive variables for the negative impact on oral health-related quality of life of children and their families. Habits seem to be more related to the dmft index and socioeconomic level than to malocclusion.

Effect of general anesthesia on postoperative melatonin secretion in 4-to 6-year-old children with snoring / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the effect of general anesthesia on postoperative melatonin secretion in 4-to 6-year-old children with snoring.@*METHODS@#Twenty children with snoring aged 4-6 years of either gender (ASA grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ) were selected for adenoidectomy.Before, during and 3 days after the operation, salivary melatonin levels of the children were measured at 11 selected time points (T1-T11).The illumination intensity and body temperature of the children were recorded at each time point of measurement.The sleep time of the children in 3 days after the operation was recorded, and postoperative pain scores (FLACC) and Riker and Rehabilitation Quality Rating Scale-15(QoR-15) scores were assessed.Sleep Apnea Life Quality Evaluation Questionnaire (OSA-18) was used to evaluate postoperative recovery of the children at 28 days after the operation.The incidence of major adverse events of the children during hospitalization was recorded.@*RESULTS@#No significant difference was found in baseline salivary melatonin level among the 20 children before the operation.Salivary melatonin level at 7 am after the operation (T8) was significantly lowered as compared with that before the surgery (T4)(@*CONCLUSIONS@#In preschool children with snoring, general anesthesia affects but does not inhibit melatonin secretion on the first night after surgery, and minor surgeries under general anesthesia in the morning do not cause significant changes in melatonin secretion to cause disturbance of the circadian rhythm in these children.

Uric acid as a marker of severity of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in older patients / Ácido úrico como marcador de gravidade da síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono em pacientes idosos

ABSTRACT Objective: Uric acid has been shown to be related to the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) in adults. We assessed the role of uric acid in OSAS in a cohort of older patients. Methods: A total of 164 patients aged >65 years, admitted to our sleep laboratory between January 1st, 2016 and July 1st, 2018 with a complaint of snoring, underwent overnight polysomnography and were retrospectively evaluated. Results: A total of 126 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria (mean age 69.16±3.68 years, 56% men) were included. The control group was comprised of 14 patients, while the OSAS group consisted of 112 patients (31 mild, 44 moderate and 37 severe cases). No differences were observed in age, sex, hip circumference, waist/hip ratio or comorbidities between the groups. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale score, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference were significantly higher in OSAS patients than in controls (p=0.001, p=0.02, and p=0.36, respectively). Uric acid was not correlated with any of the sleep parameters, and no significant differences were detected between the groups. Hyperuricemic patients were similar in terms of sleep parameters and comorbidities in comparison with the other patients. Conclusions: No relationship was observed between uric acid level and OSAS severity, as defined by the apnoea-hypopnea index. Further studies are needed to determine the value of uric acid as a marker of OSAS, after controlling for cardiovascular comorbidities, in older patients with this syndrome.

RESUMO Objetivo: o ácido úrico mostrou estar relacionado à gravidade da síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) em adultos. Avaliamos o papel do ácido úrico na SAOS em uma coorte de pacientes idosos. Métodos: Um total de 164 pacientes com idade >65 anos, admitidos em nosso laboratório do sono entre 1º de janeiro de 2016 e 1º de julho de 2018 com queixa de ronco, foram submetidos à polissonografia durante a noite e avaliados retrospectivamente. Resultados: Foram incluídos 126 pacientes que preencheram os critérios de inclusão (média de idade 69,16±3,68 anos, 56% homens). O grupo controle foi composto por 14 pacientes, enquanto o grupo SAOS foi composto por 112 pacientes (31 leves, 44 moderados e 37 graves). Não foram observadas diferenças na idade, sexo, circunferência do quadril, relação cintura/quadril ou comorbidades entre os grupos. O escore da Escala de Sonolência de Epworth, o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e a circunferência da cintura foram significativamente maiores nos pacientes com SAOS do que nos controles (p=0,001, p=0,02 e p=0,36, respectivamente). O ácido úrico não se correlacionou com nenhum dos parâmetros do sono e não foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Os pacientes hiperuricêmicos não apresentaram diferença em termos de parâmetros de sono ou comorbidades dos demais pacientes. Conclusões: Não foi observada relação entre o nível de ácido úrico e a gravidade da SAOS, definida pelo índice de apneia-hipopneia. Mais estudos são necessários para determinar o valor do ácido úrico como marcador de SAOS, após controle de comorbidades cardiovasculares, em pacientes idosos com SAOS.

STOP-Bang and NoSAS questionnaires as a screening tool for OSA: which one is the best choice?

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Currently there has been significant growth in the number of patients with suspected obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) referred to sleep clinics. In this sense, screening and stratification methods of the severity of this pathology have become increasingly relevant. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of the NoSAS and STOP-Bang scores in the screening of OSA in a sleep clinic. METHODS: Prospectively, for 12 months, all patients referred by primary care physicians to our sleep unit for clinical evaluation and who underwent in-lab polysomnography (PSG), also completed the NoSAS score (Neck circumference, Obesity, Snoring, Age, Sex) and STOP-Bang (Snoring, Tiredness, Observed apnea, Pressure (high blood), BMI, Age, Neck circumference, Gender). A ROC (receiver operating characteristic) analysis was used to find the scores that simultaneously maximize sensitivity and specificity for each diagnosis. RESULTS: Of the 294 individuals included, 84% had OSA, of which 28.8% were mild, 34.8% moderate, and 36.4% were severe. USING THE NOSAS SCORE FOR PREDICTING OSA, MODERATE TO SEVERE OSA, AND SEVERE OSA, THE ROC AREA WAS: 0.770 (95% CI: 0.703-0.837), p<0.001, sensitivity of 57.5%, and specificity of 83.0% for a score of 12; 0.746 (95% CI: 0.691-0.802), p<0.001, sensitivity of 68.2% and specificity of 75.4% for a score of 13; 0.686 (95% CI: 0.622-0.749), p<0.001, sensitivity of 71.1% and specificity of 58.3% for a score of 13, respectively. USING THE STOP-BANG SCORE FOR PREDICTING OSA, MODERATE TO SEVERE OSA, AND SEVERE OSA, THE ROC AREA WAS: 0.862 (95% CI: 0.808-0.916), p<0.001, sensitivity of 68.4% and specificity of 85.1% for a score of 5; 0.813 (95% CI: 0.756-0.861), p<0.001, sensitivity of 77.3% and specificity of 66.1% for a score of 5; 0.787 (95% CI: 0.732-0.841), p<0.001, sensitivity of 70.0% and specificity of 79.9% for a score of 6, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The ROC area was consistently high for both scores confirming the diagnostic ability of the NoSAS and STOP-Bang questionnaires for all OSA severities. Thus, our results suggest that these questionnaires may be a powerful tool for the screening and stratification of patients in the diagnosis of OSA. Overall, the diagnostic ability of the STOP-Bang was higher than the NoSAS.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: Na atualidade tem se verificado um crescimento significativo no número de doentes com suspeita de apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) referenciados para consulta do sono. Nesse sentido, instrumentos de rastreio e estratificação da gravidade dessa patologia têm se tornado cada vez mais relevantes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar e comparar o desempenho da escala NoSAS e Stop-Bang para o rastreio de AOS. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo durante 12 meses. Avaliados todos os doentes encaminhados aos cuidados de saúde primários do centro de medicina do sono que completaram o questionário NoSAS (Neck circumference, Obesity, Snoring, Age, Sex), Stop-Bang (Snoring, Tiredness, Observed apnea, Pressure [high blood], BMI, Age, Neck circumference, Gender) e foram submetidos a polissonografia. Utilizou-se uma análise ROC (receiver operating characteristic) para encontrar as pontuações que maximizam simultaneamente a sensibilidade e especificidade para cada diagnóstico. RESULTADOS: Incluídos 294 indivíduos, 84% apresentavam AOS, sendo que em 28,8% a OAS era ligeira, 34,8% moderada e 36,4% grave. USANDO A ESCALA NOSAS PARA PREVISÃO DE AOS, AOS MODERADA A GRAVE E AOS GRAVE, A ÁREA ROC FOI: 0,770 (IC95%: 0,703-0,837), p<0,001, sensibilidade de 57,5% e especificidade de 83,0% para a pontuação 12); 0,746 (IC95%: 0,691- 0,802), p<0,001, sensibilidade de 68,2% e especificidade de 75,4% para a pontuação 13); 0,686 (IC95%: 0,622-0,749), p<0,001, sensibilidade de 71,1% e especificidade de 58,3% para a pontuação 13), respectivamente. USANDO A ESCALA STOP-BANG PARA A PREVISÃO DE AOS, AOS MODERADA A GRAVE E AOS GRAVE, A ÁREA ROC FOI: 0,862 (IC95%: 0,808-0,916), p<0,001, sensibilidade de 68,4% e especificidade de 85,1% para pontuação 5); 0,813 (IC95%: 0,756-0,861), p<0,001, sensibilidade de 77,3% e especificidade de 66,1% para a pontuação 5); 0,787 (IC95%: 0,732-0,841), p<0,001, sensibilidade de 70,0% e especificidade de 79,9% para a pontuação 6), respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: A área ROC foi consistentemente alta para as duas escalas, confirmando a capacidade diagnóstica dos questionários NoSAS e Stop-Bang para todos os graus de gravidade de AOS. Assim, os nossos resultados sugerem que esses questionários podem ser um importante instrumento para rastreio e estratificação de doentes no diagnóstico de AOS. Globalmente, a capacidade de diagnóstico do Stop-Bang foi superior à do NoSAS.

Índices utilizados para diagnóstico e plano de tratamento do ronco primário e da síndrome da apnéia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) / Assessment of the knowledge of dentists in the face of care for severe cardiac patients in primary care

Os distúrbios do sono vem sendo cada dia mais estudados e evidenciados perante a medicina, sendo que muitos destes estão atrelados a fatores etiológicos ligados a diversas doenças sistêmicas, tais como, hipertensão arterial, problemas cardíacos e fator de risco para diabetes. Sendo assim, a utilização de Índices como o de Epworth, Berlim e Pittsburgh como auxiliadores anamnésicos, é de grande valia para um correto diagnóstico. Por meio deste, pudemos concluir que tais índices são de extrema importância por serem referências iniciais para a solicitação de exames mais complexos e de alto custo. Portanto, este trabalho tem por objetivo fazer uma revisão da literatura sobre a essência científica de tais índices, analisando a eficácia dos mesmos(AU)

Sleep wake disorders see being increasingly studied day and evidenced before the medicine, and many of these disorders are linked to etiological factors related to various systemic diseases such as, hypertension, heart disease and a risk factor for diabetes. Thus, the use of indices such as the Epworth, Berlin and Pittsburgh as amnesic helpers, is of great value to a correct diagnosis. Through this we can conclude that such indices are extremely important because they are initial references to the request for more complex tests and costly. Therefore, this study aims to review the literature on the scientific essence of such indices, analyzing effectiveness(AU)

Atendimento fonoaudiológico no pré e pós-operatório de cirurgia bariátrica em um hospital de referência / Speech-language therapist care in the pre and postoperative of bariatric surgery in a reference hospital

Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo é descrever o serviço de fonoaudiologia no pré e pósoperatório dos usuários candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica e/ou metabólica em um hospital especializado. Método: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, descritivo, realizado com os usuários acompanhados pelo Programa de Controle e Cirurgia da Obesidade do Hospital Estadual Geral de Goiânia "Dr. Alberto Rassi", no período de janeiro a setembro de 2019. Resultados e discussão: Foram selecionados 47 participantes para o estudo. O perfil do paciente atendido no serviço é predominante do sexo feminino, com idade média de 39,5 anos. A comorbidade prevalente é a hipertensão arterial sistêmica. São realizados, em média, três atendimentos no pré-operatório da cirurgia bariátrica, contemplando anamnese e avaliação. Nos demais atendimentos, até alta fonoaudiológica para cirurgia, são realizados treinos mastigatórios, exercícios oromiofuncionais para ronco e apneia do sono, e orientações pertinentes ao procedimento cirúrgico. O primeiro atendimento no pós-operatório ocorre com 25 dias de cirurgia e os retornos são agendados mensalmente até o quarto mês e trimestralmente até completar um ano de cirurgia. Conclusão: O atendimento fonoaudiológico no pré-operatório de cirurgia bariátrica mostrou uma população com ausência de elementos dentários que, por consequente, apresenta prejuízo na função mastigatória. No segundo e terceiro mês de pós-operatório a queixa mais recorrente é com arroz, 27% e 30%, respectivamente, em que os participantes referem sensação de bolos, repercutindo negativamente na deglutição

Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to describe the speech therapy care in pre and postoperative in candidates of bariatric/metabolic surgery. Methods: This is a descriptive longitudinal study, managed in patients accompany by the Obesity Control and Surgery Program of the Hospital Estadual Geral de Goiânia "Dr. Alberto Rassi", of January to September 2019. Results: The patient profile treated at the service is predominantly female, with a mean age of 39.5 years. The most noted comorbidity is systemic arterial hypertension. On mean, there are three preoperative visits to bariatric surgery, in the first visit anamnesis, evaluation, masticatory training and exercises for snoring and sleep apnea. In other visits, until speech therapy authorization for surgery, masticatory training, oromiofunctional exercises for snoring and sleep apnea are fulfilled, and guidelines to the surgical procedure. The first postoperative care takes place 25 days after surgery and returns are scheduled monthly until the fourth month and quarterly until one year of surgery. Conclusion: Speech-language therapy in the preoperative of bariatric surgery showed a population with dental problem that cause prejudice in the masticatory function, especially when has an absence of premolars and molars tooth on both dental arches. In the second and third month after surgery, the most common complaint is with rice, 27% and 30%, respectively, which these participants report feeling of bolus, what causes swallowing difficulty

Association between self-reported snoring and hypertension among Chinese Han population aged 30-79 in Chongqing, China

BACKGROUND@#We aim to explore the association between self-reported snoring and hypertension among adults aged 30-79 in Chongqing, China.@*METHODS@#A total of 23,342 individuals aged 30-79 were included at baseline from August 2018 to January 2019, and the final sample size for the analysis was 22,423. Face-to-face interviews and physical examinations were conducted by trained investigators. Logistic regression was performed to study age-specific and gender-specific associations between snoring and hypertension.@*RESULTS@#Frequent snoring was associated with the risk of hypertension for each age and gender group, and the frequency of snoring was positively correlated with the risk for hypertension. For the three age groups (< 45, 45-59, ≥ 60), compared with the non-snoring group, those who snore often had a 64.5%, 53.3%, and 24.5% increased risk of hypertension (< 45: OR = 1.65, 95%CI 1.34-2.02; 45-59: OR = 1.53, 95%CI 1.37-1.72; ≥ 60: OR = 1.25, 95%CI 1.09-1.42), respectively. For men and women, those who snore often had a 46.8% and 97.2% increased risk of hypertension, respectively, than the non-snoring group (men: OR = 1.47, 95%CI 1.33-1.63; women: OR = 1.97, 95%CI 1.75-2.23).@*CONCLUSIONS@#People who snore frequently should pay close attention to their blood pressure levels in order to achieve early prevention of hypertension, particularly for snorers who are female and aged under 45; importance should be attached to their blood pressure control.

Tratamiento del síndrome de apneas e hipopneas obstructivas del sueño con terapia miofuncional orofaríngea: experiencia en hospital público de Chile / Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome with myofunctional oropharyngeal therapy: experience in public hospital of Chile

RESUMEN Introductión El síndrome de apneas e hipopneas obstructivas del sueño (SAHOS) afecta al 2%-4% de las personas adultas. El CPAP es la principal terapia en casos moderados y severos, pero sólo es tolerado en el 50%-70% de los pacientes. La terapia miofuncional orofaríngea (TMO) ayuda a reducir el colapso de la via aérea superior mediante ejercicios de fortalecimiento de la musculatura orofaríngea. En la última década ha demostrado una buena eficacia en grupos variados de pacientes con SAHOS. Objetivo Estudiar efectividad de la TMO en pacientes con SAHOS. Material y método Revisamos retrospectivamente 12 pacientes con SAHOS leve y moderado tratados con TMO. Los datos demográficos y polisomnográficos se analizaron antes y después de la terapia. Resultados Edad media: 65 ±9,0 años, el 58,3% eran mujeres, el 33,3% eran obesos. Observamos una disminución significativa del IAH (13,64 ±1,99 vs 10,13 ±2,09, p =0,008); una mejoría en la eficiencia del sueño, los porcentajes de etapas N3-REM y del índice de microdespertares. También observamos una reducción clínicamente significativa en las puntuaciones de la escala de somnolencia de Epworth, del Mallampatti y el perímetro cervical. Conclusión La TMO fue eficaz en la mayoría de los pacientes con SAHOS leve y moderado. Cada unidad de sueño en centros de salud públicos en Chile debe considerar este tratamiento.

ABSTRACT Introduction The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) affects about 2%-4% of adults. CPAP is the first indication to treat moderate and severe cases, however the treatment is tolerated in only 50%-70% of patients. Therapy with myofunctional oropharyngeal (TMO) exercises helps to reduce upper airway collapsibility by strengthening the oropharyngeal musculature, and in the last decades had demonstrated good efficacy in variated groups of OSA patients. Aim: To study TMO effectivity in OSA patients. Material and method: We reviewed retrospectively the clinical records of 12 (7 female) mild and moderate unselected OSA patients. Clinical and polysomnographic data were analyzed before and after TMO. Results: The mean age of patients was 65.0 ±9.0 years and median BMI was 26.7 kg/m2. TMO was associated to a significant reduction in median of Epworth somnolence scale (11.0 vs. 7.0), median apnea hypopnea index (13.4 vs 9.0 events/h), and decrease in cervical circumference. There was a tendency to improve quality of NREM sleep with increases in N3 stage and decrease in arousal index. Conclusion: In a real clinical context, TMO reduced the severity of OSA in 41.6% in the studied patients. Because of its safety and low cost, TMO should be introduced as a therapeutic option in public sleep units in Chile.

Tipos craniofaciais e relação com a síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono / Craniofacial types and relation to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Introdução: fatores anatômicos, como obesidade e alterações craniofaciais, interagem na etiologia e na expressão da Síndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono. Dimensões cranianas e faciais são usadas para classificar os diferentes fenótipos mediante duas medidas antropométricas: o índice craniano e o índice facial. Objetivo: avaliar a possível associação dos tipos cranianos e faciais ao risco da Síndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono, obtido pelo questionário de Berlim. Metodologia: participaram do estudo 34 indivíduos (76,5% mulheres), com mediana de idade = 59,0 (56,8 ­ 65,0) anos, avaliados quanto ao risco da Síndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono, através do questionário de Berlim e medidas antropométricas: índice de massa corporal, circunferência cervical, circunferência abdominal, índice craniano e índice facial. Resultados: foram encontradas as medidas índice de massa corporal = 30,3 (24,7 ­ 37,4) kg /m², circunferência cervical = 37,6 (33,9 ­ 41,6) cm e circunferência abdominal = 102,0 (91,8 ­ 116,1) cm. No grupo de alto risco para essa Síndrome, houve predominância do tipo craniano braquicefálico = 40,7%, e do tipo facial euriprosópico = 37,0%. Conclusão: através do presente estudo foi possível observar que idade, obesidade, tipo craniano braquicefálico e face euriprosópica associaram-se ao alto risco de Síndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono.

Introduction: anatomical factors such as obesity and craniofacial alterations interact in the etiology and expression of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Cranial and facial dimensions are used to classify the different phenotypes through two anthropometric measurements: the cranial and facial indexes. Objective: to evaluate the possible association of cranial and facial types with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome risk obtained by the Berlin questionnaire. Methodology: the study included thirty-four individuals (76,5% women), with a median age = 59,0 (56,8 ­ 65,0) years, who were evaluated for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome risk through the Berlin questionnaire and anthropometric measurements: body mass index, cervical circumference, abdominal circumference, cranial index and facial index. Results: the following measurements were found: body mass index = 30,3 (24,7 ­ 37,4) kg/m², cervical circumference = 37,6 (33,9 ­ 41,6) cm and abdominal circumference = 102,0 (91,8 ­ 116,1) cm. In the high-risk group for this Syndrome there was a predominance of brachycephalic cranial type = 40,7%, and euryprosopic facial type = 37,0%. Conclusion: through the present study, it was possible to observe that age, obesity, brachycephalic cranial type and euryprosopic face were associated with the high-risk for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.

El paciente ortodóncico en dentición mixta y los trastornos del sueño / The orthodontic patient with mixed dentition and sleep disorders

Los desórdenes respiratorios del sueño (DRS) y, principalmente, roncopatías y apneas obstructivas afectan aproximadamente al 7% de los pacientes ortodóncicos. Los DRS no solo son importantes por la cantidad de pacientes afectados, sino por la gravedad de los posibles efectos secundarios a nivel de la salud general del paciente. La obstrucción de las vías aéreas superiores (VAS) provoca alteraciones del crecimiento y deformaciones craneofaciales importantes, por lo que el tratamiento temprano y la prevención de la respiración oral es muy importante.El papel del ortodoncista es muy importante en el diagnóstico y en el tratamiento de los DRS, pero también en su prevención, realizando tratamientos que aumenten la dimensión y la permeabilidad de las VAS. El protocolo de exploración interdisciplinar en niños y adolescentes y la cefalometría de vías aéreas son importantes en el diagnóstico y deben ser tenidos en cuenta en el plan de tratamiento. Pero las pruebas más significativas, el CBCT de vías aéreas y la polisomnografía no son pruebas rutinarias por la dificultad logística y el precio de estas pruebas. En este artículo también se recomiendan los tratamientos de ortodoncia más indicados en estos casos y que tienden al aumento de la dimensión de las VAS (AU)

Sleep breathing disorders (SBD) and in the first place, roncopathy and obstructive apnea, affect approximately 7% of orthodontic patients. The SBD are not only important for the number of affected patients, but also for the severity of the possible side effects at the level of general health of a patient. The upper air ways (UAW) obstruction provokes important alterations in growth and craniofacial deformations, and this is why the early treatment and prevention of mouth breathing are very important. The role of an orthodontist in diagnosis and treatment of SBD is very important, but it is also in its prevention, carrying out the treatments which increase the dimension and permeability of UAW. The protocol of interdisciplinary examination.In children and adolescents and the air ways cephalometry analysis have an important role in diagnosis and they should be taken into account in treatment planning. But the most important tests, the air ways CBCT and polysomnography, are not routine tests due to the complicated logistics and their cost. In this article, the orthodontic treatments most indicated in these cases are recommended, because they tend to increase the UAW dimension (AU)

Prevalence of OSA in chilean children and adolescents based on subscale of pediatric sleep questionnaire / Prevalencia de OSA en niños y adolescentes chilenos según la subescala del cuestionario de sueño pediátrico

Objectives: We aimed to determine the prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in children and adolescents from four districts of Santiago, Chile by using a six-question subscale from the Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders (SRBD) scale, which measures respiratory symptoms while sleeping. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional observational study. The six-question subscale of the SRBD scale was applied to the parents or guardians of the children and adolescents from four educational establishments in different districts of Santiago. Convenience sampling was used. This subscale allowed to divide the sample into two groups: one group with OSA and one at low risk of OSA. In addition, statistical tests were applied to evaluate the variation between gender and age range. Results: Of the total number of subjects (n=838, 4-18 years, mean: 11.3±4.2), 681 were included. According to the six-question subscale, 2.2% (CI 95% 1.64-2.76%) of the sample had OSA. There is a slight predominance in males, without statistically significant difference (p=0.083). In relation to the age of the participants, there was no statistically significant difference (p=0.512).Conclusion: The prevalence of OSA in Chilean children and adolescents was similar to previous reports. The results obtained by the analysis of the six-question subscale of the SRBD scale allow a more accurate detection of OSA. Future research should promote the translation of this questionnaire into the Chilean context and its use throughout the country.

Objetivos: Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de la apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) en niños y adolescentes de cuatro distritos de Santiago, Chile mediante el uso de una subescala de seis preguntas de la escala de trastornos respiratorios relacionados con el sueño (Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders, SRBD), que mide los síntomas respiratorios mientras dormido. Material y Métodos: estudio observacional transversal. La subescala de seis preguntas de la escala SRBD se aplicó a los padres o tutores de los niños y adolescentes de cuatro establecimientos educativos en diferentes distritos de Santiago. Se utilizó muestreo de conveniencia. Esta subescala permitió dividir la muestra en dos grupos: un grupo con OSA y otro con bajo riesgo de OSA. Además, se aplicaron pruebas estadísticas para evaluar la variación entre el género y el rango de edad. Resultados: Del número total de sujetos (n=838, 4-18 años, media: 11,3±4,2), se incluyeron 681. Según la subescala de seis preguntas, el 2,2% (IC 95% 1,64-2,76%) de la muestra tenía AOS. Hay un ligero predominio en varones, sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p=0,083). En relación con la edad de los participantes, no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p=0,512). Conclusión: La prevalencia de AOS en niños y adolescentes chilenos fue similar a informes anteriores. Los resultados obtenidos mediante el análisis de la subescala de seis preguntas de la escala SRBD permiten una detección más precisa de OSA. Investigaciones futuras deberían promover la adaptación de este cuestionario al contexto chileno y su uso en todo el país